An intermediate result array will be generated when multiple values are specified where a single value is expected. For example, the following formula will generate the value 15: =SUM(10/{1,2}). This is because "10/{1,2}" will result in an intermediate result array of {10/1,10/2}, or {10,5}. Then each element is summed up to result in the value 15. However, the SUM function does not allow intermediate result arrays for region references. So a function such as =SUM(10/D6:E7) will result in a #VALUE! error. Unlike the SUM function, the LOOKUP function allows intermediate result arrays from region references. So a formula like LOOKUP(10,D6:E7*2) will return a correct result if the value 10 can be found in the following intermediate result array when using the normal LOOKUP function logic: {D6*2,E6*2; D7*2,E7*2}. Therefore, SUM would return True from this method only when is False and LOOKUP would return True from this method always (for a value of 1 in this example).

Note: if this function is being called in an array formula, the restrictions are relaxed in the following way: if the function supports intermediate result arrays created from constant array, it will also support intermediate result arrays created from region references, so the value will always be passed in as False.

AVERAGE(value1, value2, ...)

Value1, value2, ... are one or more numeric values or references to numeric values. An average (arithmetic mean) is calculated by taking the sum of all values, and dividing by the number of values.

Each value is equally weighted. To obtain a weighted average, you can multiply each value by a weight in the expression.

SUM(value1,value2,...)

Value1, value2, ... are references for which you want to find the total value. Text representations of numbers and literal numeric constants that you specify in the list of arguments will be included in the sum. If value is a column or vector reference then the sum will be taken of all cells or values contained by the reference. Any error values in the argument list, or text that is not convertible to a numeric value, will produce an error.

CONCATENATE(text1, text2, ..., textN)

Text1, text2, ..., textN are multiple text values that you want to concatenate into one text string. These text values may be text strings, numbers (which will be converted into text), or a single value reference (such as a cell reference) containing such a value.

This function provides for elementary text processing in UltraCalc, such as when building message text or appending some connective text or punctuation to the results of evaluating other text-bearing expressions.

IF( boolean_test, result_if_true, [result_if_false])

Boolean_test is a value (or an UltraCalc expression) which the IF function evaluates to produce a boolean value of either TRUE or FALSE. The outcome of this test determines which result will be returned by the function.

Result_if_true is a value (or the outcome of another UltraCalc expression) that will be returned only when boolean_test has evaluated to the boolean value, TRUE.

Result_if_false is a value (or the outcome of another UltraCalc expression) that will be returned only when boolean_test has evaluated to the boolean value, FALSE.

The IF function allows you to write an UltraCalc expression that branches to one expression (when the boolean_test is TRUE) or another (when the boolean_test is FALSE) based on an arbitrary condition you have specified.

The result_if_false is not specified and boolean_test is FALSE, the IF function will return FALSE.

If boolean_test's evaluation produces an error value then neither Result_if_true nor Result_if_false will be evaluated. Instead, the IF function returns the error value from its evaluation of boolean_test.

ABS( value)

A number's absolute value is it's value without any sign. It represents the magnitude of a value while ignoring it's direction (positive or negative) on a number line or vector.

MOD(numerator, denominator)

Numerator is the number being divided by denominator. When denominator can only be taken from numerator a certain whole number of types (the quotient), any leftover is the remainder.

Denominator is the number dividing the numerator. Any remainder will have the sign of the denominator. This number cannot be zero, otherwise the MOD() function returns a #DIV/0 error.

If you want to perform integer division on these two numbers then use the QUOTIENT() function.

QUOTIENT(numerator, denominator)

Numerator is a numeric value that will be divided by the denominator. It is sometimes called the dividend.

Denominator is the numeric value that divides the numerator. It is sometimes called the divisor. It cannot be zero or a #DIV/0 error value will be returned.

When either the numerator or the denominator is not a number, the QUOTIENT() function returns an error value (#VALUE!).

If you need the remainder from an integer division, use the MOD() function.

PRODUCT( value1, value2, ..., valueN)

Value1 is the first number (the multiplicand) in a series of numbers that you want to multiply.

Value2 is the second number (the first multiplier) in a series of numbers that you want to multiply.

ValueN is the last number (the last multiplier) in a series of numbers that you want to multiply.

This function offers a convenience when you need to multiply many numbers or expressions at one time.

POWER(value, exponent)

Value is a numeric value or reference to a numeric value which you want to raise to a power.

Exponent is a real number power to which value is to be raised. Imaginary exponents are not supported.

Common applications of the POWER() function occur when you need to multiply a number against itself multiple times. For example, it is common in many computer applications to create bit mask values by raising the value 2 to integer exponents, which produce a sequence such as (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, ...)

The POWER() function additionally supports fractional exponents, and can be used to emulate other functions such as the quad root (raising to an exponent of 0.25, which is 1/4) or the inverse square (raising to an exponent of -2.0).

INT(value)

Value is a real numeric value that you want to convert into a whole number. INT() is a more specialized version of the TRUNC() function because it always produces integer values (whereas the TRUNC() function allows you to specify a precision at which to truncate the numeric value.)

TRUNC(value, number_of_digits)

Value is a numeric value or reference to a numeric value that you want to truncate.

Number_of_digits specifies the precision at which truncation should occur. By default, truncation occurs zero places right of the decimal point which will produce an integer.

Truncation always discards the fractional value, causing the Value to move closer to zero (whether it was positive or negative before the truncation). It differs from the ROUND() function in that the value always changes to a lesser value.

COUNT(Value1, Value2, ..., ValueN)

Value1, value2, ... valueN can be references to different data structures, such as columns. Each numeric or date/time value is counted. Empty, error, boolean or text values that are not convertible into numeric values are not counted.

When a reference is a range reference, only those numeric and date/time values within the range will be counted.

TRUE() will always evaluate to the boolean value of TRUE. It takes no arguments.

FALSE() will always evaluate to the boolean value of FALSE. It takes no arguments.

NOT(boolean1)

Boolean1 is any boolean (TRUE or FALSE) value, or conditional statement (made up of any UltraCalc expression which itself evaluates to a boolean TRUE or FALSE value) to be inverted.

If boolean1 was TRUE, then the Logical-NOT would return FALSE. If boolean1 was FALSE, then the Logical-NOT would return TRUE.

If Boolean1 is an UltraCalc expression that evaluates to an error value, then the result of a Logical-NOT operation is undefined because an error value is neither TRUE nor FALSE.

AND(boolean1, boolean2, ...)

Boolean1, boolean2, ... are a list of boolean (TRUE or FALSE) values or conditional statements (any UltraCalc expression which itself evaluates to a boolean TRUE or FALSE value) to be evaluated for the constraint that all arguments should be TRUE (or conversely, that at least one argument should be FALSE.)

All arguments are tested (i.e., the logical-AND function does not use "short-circuit" evaluation, in which the function can stop executing as soon as the first argument having the boolean value, FALSE, has been processed.)

This function stops evaluating immediately when any argument results in an error value. An error value is neither TRUE nor FALSE, therefore the return value of the logical-AND function is undefined.

OR(boolean1, boolean2, ...)

Boolean1, boolean2, ... are a list of boolean (TRUE or FALSE) values or conditional statements (any UltraCalc expression which itself evaluates to a boolean TRUE or FALSE value) to be evaluated for the constraint that at least one argument should be TRUE (or conversely, that all arguments should be FALSE.)

All arguments are tested (i.e., the logical-OR function does not use "short-circuit" evaluation, in which the function can stop executing as soon as the first argument having the boolean value, TRUE, has been processed.)

This function stops evaluating immediately when any argument results in an error value. An error value is neither TRUE nor FALSE, therefore the return value of the logical-OR function is undefined.

MIN(Value1, value2, ..., valueN)

Value1, value2, ... valueN are any number of numeric values or references to numeric values from which you want the minimum value found. Arguments may be numbers, boolean values, text values convertible into numbers, or empty. Error values and text values that are not convertible into numbers will produce an error.

The minimum value for a series of numbers can be it's largest magnitude negative number because larger magnitude negative numbers are less than smaller magnitude negative numbers. For example, given the expression MIN( -1500, -50, 5, 150), the return value is -1500 and not 5. To determine the numeric value with the smallest magnitude you would use the ABS() function on each argument. The following example would produce a minimum value of 5.

When the argument list is empty, MIN() returns zero.

MAX(Value1, value2, ..., valueN)

Value1, value2, ... valueN are any number of numeric values or references to numeric values from which you want the maximum value found. Arguments may be numbers, boolean values, text values convertible into numbers, or empty. Error values and text values that are not convertible into numbers will produce an error.

When the argument list is empty, MAX() returns zero.

EXP(exponent)

Exponent is the power to which the base, e, is raised. This gives the function it's characteristic "exponential" growth.

Euler's Number, e, is the value 2.718281828459..., and is also the base of the natural logarithm. You can represent the constant e within your UltraCalc formula by specifying EXP(1). The exponential function (and natural logarithm) have many applications in mathematics, engineering, and for modeling behavioral and statistical distributions commonly observed in nature and the social sciences.

ROUND(value, number_of_digits)

Value is a numeric value or reference to a numeric value that you want to round up or down.

Number_of_digits specifies the precision at which rounding should occur. This will be the place value which UltraCalc examines to round up or down. By default, rounding occurs zero places right of the decimal point produces an integer.

PI()

The mathematical constant pi represents the relationship between a circle's diameter and it's circumference. It is also the constant relating the square of a circle's radius with the surface area of the circle. It has a great many applications in mathematics, geometry, the sciences, and engineering.

The constant pi is a non-terminating decimal number, although UltraCalc approximates it to 15 significant digits of precision (3.14159265358979).

A common use of the PI function in UltraCalc is to convert a measurement in radians which is the form in which trigonometric functions take their arguments, and the more conventional degrees of arc. This conversion can be accomplished by multiplying the radian measurement by PI()/180. The following table describes some benchmarks for comparison between radians and degrees.

SQRT(value)

Value is the numeric value or reference to a numeric value which you are calculating the square root of. Only real roots are supported, therefore if value is negative (which would produce an imaginary root) the SQRT() function will return an error value (#NUM!).

The square root is the number whose product, when the number is multiplied against itself (squared), is value. Note that it is possible to multiply two negative square roots to produce the same positive value. By convention, the SQRT() function only returns the positive root.

COS(value)

Value is the angle measured in radians for which you want to take the cosine. If your argument must be in degrees, multiply it by PI()/180 to convert it into radians.

The cosine is an sinusoidal function with a period of 2*PI() radians. It's value is always between 1 and -1. It behaves like the sine function, SIN(), with a phase shift (phi) of -PI()/4 radians.

The cosine function value derives from the geometric ratio between the length of the adjacent (non-hypotenuse) leg to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, when the hypotenuse has a length of one. It is continuous because at intervals of PI() radians the length of the adjacent leg and the hypotenuse are equal.

Another way of looking at this function is to imagine the hypotenuse is the radius, r, of a unit circle centered on a Cartesian plane with x- and y- axes. At any point on the edge of the unit circle, the hypotenuse makes an angle, theta, with the x-axis. The cosine function value of the angle theta is the distance from the center of the circle to the point in the direction of the x-axis. Applied in this fashion, the COS() function can be used to convert between Cartesian and Polar coordinate systems.

Both interpretations are equivalent because if you drop a line from a point on the unit circle that intersects the x-axis at a right angle you form a right triangle.

These trigonometric concepts appear frequently in many engineering, architectural and scientific applications.

ACOS(value)

Value is the real number result of the cosine function taken of an angle you want to find. The legal values of the cosine function are from -1 to 1. An inverse cosine by default will return the normal angle from 0 up to PI. This is because there are several angles which may have an identical value of their cosine. For example, the angles -PI/2, PI/2, 3PI/2, etc., all have a cosine of zero. You can find alternate angles by adding (or subtracting) any multiple of PI radians to the normal angle returned by the inverse cosine function.

You can convert the result of the inverse cosine function from radians into degrees by multiplying it by 180/PI().

ACOSH(value)

Value is the hyperbolic cosine of some angle (measured in radians) that you want to find. As you might expect, the values of the hyperbolic cosine function (see the COSH function) increase at a hyperbolic rate, but one consequence is that these ever larger changes in the hyperbolic cosine will correspond to ever smaller changes in the angle. This relationship is intrinsic to many of the mathematical and engineering applications of the inverse hyperbolic cosine function, such as when resistance or strain builds up on a body increasingly as it is rotated (hysteresis).

SIN(value)

Value is the angle measured in radians for which you want to take the cosine. If your argument must be in degrees, multiply it by PI()/180 to convert it into radians.

The sine is an sinusoidal function with a period of 2*PI() radians. It's value is always between 1 and -1.

The sine function value derives from the geometric ratio between the length of a right triangle's hypotenuse and the length of the opposite leg, when the hypotenuse has a length of one. It is a continuous function because at intervals of PI() radians the length of the opposite leg and the hypotenuse are equal.

Another way of looking at this function is to imagine the hypotenuse is the radius, r, of a unit circle centered on a Cartesian plane with x- and y- axes. At any point on the edge of the unit circle, the hypotenuse makes an angle, theta, with the x-axis. The sine function value of the angle theta is the distance from the center of the circle to the point in the direction of the y-axis. Applied in this fashion, the SIN() function can be used to convert between Cartesian and Polar coordinate systems.

Both interpretations are equivalent because if you drop a line from a point on the unit circle that intersects the y-axis at a right angle you form a right triangle.

These trigonometric concepts appear frequently in many engineering, architectural and scientific applications.

SINH(value)

Value is an angle measured in radians for which you want to calculate the hyperbolic sine. If your angle is measured in degrees, multiply it by PI()/180 to convert into radians.

Many applications in mathematics and physics, for example determining the gravitational potential of a cylinder, make use of the hyperbolic sine function's characteristics.

ASIN(value)

Value is the sine value of the angle you want. Legal sine values are confined to real numbers from -1 to 1, inclusive.

The angle returned will be between -PI()/2 and PI()/2 radians. To convert this angle into degrees, multiply by PI()/180.

TAN(value)

Value is the angle measured in radians for which you want to take the tangent. If your argument must be in degrees, multiply it by PI()/180 to convert it into radians.

The tangent can have a value from -INF to +INF, however it is undefined at intervals of every PI()/2 radians +/- PI() radians.

The tangent function value derives from a well-known geometric ratio between the length of the opposite and the adjacent (non-hypotenuse) leg of a right triangle. All 3 angles inside of any triangle must add up to exactly PI() radians, and in a right triangle the angle opposite the hypotenuse must be PI()/2 radians. Given these facts, it is not possible for either of the other two angles within the triangle to reach PI()/2 radians themselves. If you choose an angle (other than the triangle's right angle) which approaches PI()/2 radians then the remaining angle must approach 0 radians. The tangent function value tells you in these circumstances how the leg of the right triangle opposite your angle approaches infinite length. These calculations have important applications in architecture and engineering.

TANH(value)

Value is an angle measured in radians for which you want to calculate the hyperbolic tangent. If your angle is measured in degrees, multiply it by PI()/180 to convert into radians. The hyperbolic tangent has a range from -1 to 1.

ATAN(value)

Value is a number containing a tangent function value that you want to retrieve the angle of. This function returns an angle of between PI()/2 and -PI()/2. Although the tangent function is undefined for values of PI()/2 and -PI()/2, the return value of this function is rounded to these values if Value is +INF or -INF, respectively.

This function is sometimes referred to as the inverse tangent function or the arctangent.

The angle returned is the principal value, as there exist an uncountable number of alternative angles satisfying the requirement of having Value as their tangent function value, at regular intervals of +/- PI() to either side of this principal value.

If you require a result in degrees, multiply the arctangent by 180/PI().

ATAN2(x_ordinate, y_abscissa)

X_ordinate is a number representing the distance along the x-axis of a Cartesian point. It may also be thought of as the adjacent leg of a right triangle, where the right angle is made by dropping a perpendicular line from (x_ordinate, y_abscissa) to the point (x_ordinate, 0) on the x-axis.

Y_abscissa is a number representing the distance along the y-axis of a Cartesian point. It may also be thought of as the opposite leg of the right triangle constructed above.

This variation on the arctangent (or inverse tangent function) calculates for you the angle, theta, made with the x-axis when you extend a line segment from the origin at (0, 0) to your specified coordinates at (x_ordinate, y_abscissa). This line segment can also be seen to be the hypotenuse of a right triangle, or the radius of the circle on which the point, (x_ordinate, y_abscissa), sits on the edge. This function is another way of looking at the trigonometric tangent function value that is useful in many UltraCalc applications because it affords you a more convenient parameterization for some tasks, such as converting from Cartesian to Polar coordinate systems.

The return value of this function is within the range of PI()/2 and -PI()/2 measured in radians. If you need to convert this value into degrees then multiply the result by 180/PI().

FLOOR(value)

Value is a real numeric value to be rounded down to the next lesser whole number (also called an integer). FLOOR() behaves differently from the INT() function because when value is negative, the "next lesser whole number" will be a number having greater magnitude (i.e., it becomes more negative.)

CEILING(number)

RAND()

The RAND() function will generate another pseudorandom number each time it is evaluated. It returns a fractional number on a unit basis, therefore you can use RAND() to produce numbers between 0 and C by multiplying the RAND() result by C. It follows that to produce a pseudorandom number between A and B you could translate the result by A like this:

The number generation of the RAND() function derives from the system clock, and therefore may not be entirely random. It should not be used for applications requiring cryptographically-strong randomness or uniform probability distributions.

LN(value)

Value is a real number to calculate the natural logarithm of. Value must be positive as the logarithm is undefined for negative values.

A natural logarithm is a special case of a logarithm having the base of Euler's Number, e (2.71828...). It is the inverse of the EXP() function.

Logarithms have many applications in mathematics, life and social sciences.

LOG10(value)

Value is a real number to calculate the decimal logarithm of. Value must be positive as the logarithm is undefined for negative values.

To specify your own base for a logarithm use the LOG() function. To calculate the natural logarithm use the LN() function.

LOG(value, [base])

Value is a real number that you want to calculate the logarithm to base for. This number must be positive, as the logarithm is undefined for negative numbers.

Base is the base of the logarithm, which defaults to 10.

To calculate the natural logarithm (a logarithm to the base of Euler's Number, e) it is usually more convenient to call the LN() function.

NPV(discountRate, value1, value2, ..., valueN)

DiscountRate is the investment's expected rate of return over the life of the investment, expressed as a percentage growth (or decline) per payment period. In some applications this may be the fixed interest rate. This numeric value is used to discount cash flows paid into or received from the investment.

Value1, value2, ... valueN are any number of numeric values representing cash inflows (as positive numbers) or cash outflows (as negative numbers). These cash flows must occur at a fixed period (the same period at which the discountRate is expressed), although some cash flows may be zero. The order of the sequence is important, as value1 is assumed to occur (N-1) periods before valueN and will have been able to accrue that much more interest at the assumed discountRate.

By convention, the NPV() assumes cash flows occur at the end of each period. Consequently, the NPV() represents the present value as of the date one period's length before the first cash flow, value1, has been made. If you require flexibility in when cash flows occur (the beginning or end of each period), consider using the PV() function. However, it differs from NPV() in that NPV() allows cash flows of different amounts.

Only numeric values or text values convertible to numeric values may be passed to this function. If a column or range reference is passed as a value argument, only numeric values or text values convertible to numeric values are used.

FV(interestRate, nPeriod, payment, presentValue, paymentDue)

InterestRate is the assumed interest rate per period. The future value calculation assumes no change in the interest rate over the course of the investment. If you anticipate interest rate fluctuations, you should calculate the future value incrementally over shorter periods in which the interest rate is held constant. In some calculations, the interestRate may be synonymous with an investments' expected growth or rate of return per period.

NPeriod is the total number of payment periods in an annuity. Each payment is assumed to be of the same amount, and occur at regular fixed time intervals. A payment earlier in the annuity will be invested for a longer period of time and therefore would accrue more interest than a payment made later in the annuity.

Payment is a fixed amount invested in the annuity at each period. Use a negative number to represent an outflow of cash paid out, and a positive number to represent an inflow of cash received. Calculating a future value requires either a non-zero series of payments or a presentValue.

PresentValue is the value of the investment at the beginning of the annuity. It represents the discounted value of a series of future payments, which over time could be worth a greater amount because they have accrued interest. If the annuity has no present value, then you must specify a non-zero payment amount.

PaymentDue is a numeric value of either 1 or 0, and indicates whether payments are invested in the annuity at the beginning of each period (1) or at the end of each period (0).

The interestRate and nPeriod arguments determine the frequency of payments. If interestRate is given as an annual rate, and nPeriod is 1 then payments are once per year. On the other hand, if nPeriod had been 4 then payments would occur quarterly. Please ensure you use consistent time values when specifying these arguments.

PV(interestRate, nPeriods, amount, futureValue, paymentDue)

InterestRate is the per-period rate of interest used to discount the future payments. For positive interest rates, the value of future payments diminishes (discounts) to what they are worth now. It is assumed you can reinvest the present value at interestRate to receive futureValue after nPeriods.

NPeriods are the total number of payment periods over the course of the annuity. If your retirement plan annuitizes in 35-years, and you make a fixed quarterly contribution into it, then you would use 35x4 or 140 as your total number of payment periods.

Amount is how much is paid (or received) each period. This amount must be constant over the course of the investment. If you need to calculate the Net Present Value of a series of variable payment amounts, then you should consider using the NPV() function.

FutureValue is the expected cash balance of the investment at culmination. If this argument is omitted, it will be assumed to be zero. In the common usage scenario of calculating loan repayments, a future value of zero represents having a zero liability when the loan is fully repaid. When specifying a zero future value, ensure that amount is non-zero (otherwise the loan could never be repaid). In retirement planning, you would normally estimate the future value you would like to have when you retire.

PaymentDue is a numeric value of either 1 or 0, and indicates whether payments are invested in the annuity at the beginning of each period (1) or at the end of each period (0).

PMT(interestRate, nPeriods, presentValue, futureValue, paymentDue)

InterestRate is the interest rate for the loan.

NPeriods is the number of payments required to pay back the loan.

PresentValue is the current value of the loan (also called the principal), which is a lump sum that the future series of nPeriods payments (which accumulate interest at interestRate) is worth today.

FutureValue is the cash balance in the future (for a loan, this will typically be a loan liability balance of zero) following this series of fixed payments, accruing a fixed interestRate. If omitted, a default future value of 0 is used.

PaymentDue is a numeric value of either 1 or 0, and indicates whether payments are invested in the annuity at the beginning of each period (1) or at the end of each period (0).

NPER(interestRate, amount, presentValue, futureValue, paymentDue)

InterestRate is the rate of interest per payment period. This numeric value must be held fixed for the duration of the investment. If you must calculate financing based on changes in interest rate then you will need to break up the calculation into several stages over which the interest rate is held constant.

Amount is the payment amount due each period. This numeric value must be constant over the duration of the investment.

PresentValue is a discounted value or lump sum payment that if taken today and invested at the interestRate would be worth the same as this series of fixed payments in the future.

FutureValue is the value after the last payment has been made. If this numeric value is omitted it is assumed to be zero (since this function is normally used in calculating loan repayment you will reach zero liability when the loan is finally paid off.)

PaymentDue indicates whether payments come due at the beginning of each payment period (1) or at the end of each payment period (0). If left unspecified, the default is to assume paymentDue occurs at the end of each payment period.

EVEN(Number)

ODD(Number)

PPMT(interestRate, periodNumber, nPeriods, presentValue, futureValue, paymentDue)

InterestRate is a fixed rate of interest per period. This function assumes there is one payment made on each period, therefore in cases where you want to calculate quarterly or monthly payments you should adjust an annual interestRate accordingly by dividing it by the number of payments per year.

PeriodNumber identifies the period of the current payment, where the first payment has the number 1. The periodNumber must not exceed the total number of periods (nPeriods).

NPeriods is the total number of payments over the course of this investment or loan.

PresentValue is the discounted value of this series of future payments, if you could take a lump sum payment today and invest it at the fixed interestRate until the future date when this investment or loan had been repaid.

FutureValue is the expected value of this series of payments after the last payment has been made, where all previous payments have been accumulating interest at the fixed interestRate. When omitted, such as when this function is used for calculating loan payments that reduce an outstanding liability, the future value is assumed to be zero.

PaymentDue is a numeric value indicating that payments are due at the beginning of each period (1) or at the end of each period (0).

The PPMT() function calculates the portion of a fixed payment attributed to principal. If you need to calculate the portion of a fixed payment repaying interest then use the IPMT() function. To calculate fixed payment amounts, use the PMT() function.

IPMT(interestRate, periodNumber, nPeriods, presentValue, futureValue, paymentDue)

InterestRate is a fixed rate of interest per period. This function assumes there is one payment made on each period, therefore in cases where you want to calculate quarterly or monthly payments you should adjust an annual interestRate accordingly by dividing it by the number of payments per year.

PeriodNumber identifies the period of the current payment, where the first payment has the number 1. The periodNumber must not exceed the total number of periods (nPeriods).

NPeriods is the total number of payments over the course of this investment or loan.

PresentValue is the discounted value of this series of future payments, if you could take a lump sum payment today and invest it at the fixed interestRate until the future date when this investment or loan had been repaid.

FutureValue is the expected value of this series of payments after the last payment has been made, where all previous payments have been accumulating interest at the fixed interestRate. When omitted, such as when this function is used for calculating loan payments that reduce an outstanding liability, the future value is assumed to be zero.

PaymentDue is a numeric value indicating that payments are due at the beginning of each period (1) or at the end of each period (0).

The IPMT() function calculates the portion of a fixed payment attributed to interest. If you need to calculate the portion of a fixed payment repaying loan principal then use the PPMT() function. To calculate fixed payment amounts, use the PMT() function.

LOWER(text_value)

Text_value is a piece of text you want converted into lowercase. The invariant culture is used to translate characters, therefore this function may not be suitable for use with localizable text values.

UPPER(text_value)

Text_value is the text you want to convert to uppercase. UPPER does not change characters in text that are not letters.

LEFT(text_value, num_chars)

Text_value is a piece of text or reference to some text starting with a substring you want to retrieve.

Num_chars indicate the number of characters retrieved from the beginning of text_value. An error value is returned if this argument is less than zero. If this argument exceeds the length of text_value, then all of text_value is retrieved. If omitted, the first character of text_value is retrieved.

RIGHT(text_value, num_chars)

Text_value is a piece of text or reference to some text ending with a substring you want to retrieve.

Num_chars indicate the number of characters retrieved from the end of text_value. An error value is returned if this argument is less than zero. If this argument exceeds the length of text_value, then all of text_value is retrieved. If omitted, the last character of text_value is retrieved.

MID(text_value, starting_point, character_count)

Text_value is a piece of text containing the substring you want to retrieve, when you know the position and length of your desired substring.

Character_count specifies how long of a substring to retrieve from text_value measured as a number of characters. If the requested length, when added to the specified starting_point, exceeds the length of text_value then the remainder of the string starting at starting_point is returned.

Starting_point is the one-based position within text_value of the first character in the substring you want to retrieve. If this argument exceeds the length of text_value then the function will return an empty string.

If either character_count or starting_point has a negative value, or evaluate to an error value, then the function returns an error value.

TRIM(text_value)

Text_value is a piece of text to trim and normalize the white space of. Trimming removes all leading and trailing white space. Normalization reduces runs of consecutive whitespace appearing within the text_value to single blank spaces.

LEN(text_value)

Text_value is any text string or reference to a text value for which you want a character count. The number of characters, including all whitespace, determines the length of the text string.

Depending on the character encoding used, some whitespace characters such as line-breaks may count as two characters (one character is a carriage return, the other character is a line feed).

An empty text string contains no characters.

VALUE(text_value)

Text_value is any text value or single-value reference to a text string that you want to convert into a number. It may have been formatted with a sign, currency symbol, or thousands separator. These characters will be stripped to yield the numeric value of the text.

If the text_value is an error value or could not be converted into a numeric value then the function returns an error value.

Returns an error if the UltraCalcValue argument at the top of the number stack was an error.

Returns a value conversion into a double-precision numeric type if the incoming text can be interpreted as a numeric value (possibly after filtering off thousands separators, decimal separators, currency symbols, exponents and signs.)

Returns a numeric conversion from another numeric type if the incoming argument was not text (sometimes when the result of such a conversion is poorly defined this may defy an application's expectations, for example, a DATEVALUE may convert into a numeric value of ticks.)

FIND(text_to_find, text_to_search, starting_point)

Text_to_find is the piece of text you want to find. It can be a reference (for example, a NamedReference to a constant text string or a CalcSettings reference to a TextBox on the form). It should be shorter in length than the text_to_search.

Text_to_search is the piece of text you want to search for text_to_find within. It's commonly a reference to a text string that you want to search.

Starting_point is the one-based character position inside of text_to_search at which UltraCalc will begin searching. This argument is optional and if omitted, the search will begin at the first character.

If text_to_find is not found this function returns a Value error, otherwise it returns the starting position of text_to_find within text_to_search.

REPLACE(text_value, starting_point, character_count, new_text_value)

Text_value is the original text within which you want to replace some substring of text, and you already know the starting_point and character_count of that substring.

Starting_point is the one-based position within text_value where the replaced substring begins.

Character_count is the length of the substring being replaced as a count of the characters it contains. If this value when added to starting_point would exceed the length remaining in text_value then the entire remainder of text_value is replaced.

New_text_value is some new text that replaces the text of the specified substring. It is not required to be the same length as the replaced substring.

When starting_point or character_count are error values, or less than zero, an error value is returned. If starting_point exceeds the length of text_value then an error value is returned.

It is possible to use the REPLACE() function with other UltraCalc functions to express the replacement of one substring with another. The following UltraCalc expression replaces the word "Old" with the word "New" in the original text value.

SYD(assetCost, salvageValue, lifespan, periodNumber)

AssetCost is the initial value of the asset when it was purchased new. This numeric value needs to be greater than the salvageValue (otherwise the asset would be appreciating in value).

SalvageValue is the market price you can get for an asset at the end of it's useful life (lifespan periods). In some situations, this may represent the value of the asset's spare parts.

Lifespan is the useful life of the asset being depreciated measured in fixed-length time periods (usually years). The appropriate lifespan to use may vary with the kind of asset being depreciated. As the name of this function suggests, the lifespan when using this depreciation method is normally measured in years (although this does not necessarily have to be the case).

PeriodNumber is the one-based number of the period to calculate the depreciation of the asset for, having a value of between 1 and lifespan. It must be measured in the same units of time as the lifespan.

SLN(assetCost, salvageValue, lifespan)

AssetCost is the initial value of the asset when it was purchased new. This numeric value needs to be greater than the salvageValue (otherwise the asset would be appreciating in value).

SalvageValue is the market price you can get for an asset at the end of it's useful life (lifespan periods). In some situations, this may represent the value of the asset's spare parts.

Lifespan is the useful life of the asset being depreciated measured in fixed-length time periods (usually years). The appropriate lifespan to use may vary with the kind of asset being depreciated.

Straight-line depreciation expresses an asset's depreciation at a constant rate per period. The asset is assumed to lose useful value no faster in the first period depreciation is calculated than in the last period. An accountant can advise you as to which assets the straight-line depreciation calculation method is suitable.

DB(assetCost, salvageValue, lifespan, period, months)

AssetCost is the original cost or purchase price of the asset at the start of the calculation.

SalvageValue is the market value of the asset after it's expected useful life ends, sometimes this will be the value of the asset as spare parts.

Lifespan indicates for how many periods the asset is useful (it's useful life), and must be depreciated. Accounting standards vary on what lifespan is appropriate for different classes of assets, such as durable and non-durable goods.

Period indicates the number of units of time between decremental calculations of the depreciation. If lifespan is measured in years, then the value specified for the period must also be in years.

Months allows you to specify the number of months in the first year, if the depreciation does not begin on the first day of the year. You might specify months based on when the asset was purchased new. If omitted, the calculation defaults to 12 which is equivalent to calculating starting from the first day of the year.

For some assets, alternative calculation methods such as the DDB() function may be more appropriate. Your accountant can tell you for which assets the fixed declining balance method is an acceptable means of calculating depreciation.

DDB(assetCost, salvageValue, lifespan, period, weight)

AssetCost is the original cost or purchase price of the asset at the start of the calculation.

SalvageValue is the market value of the asset after it's expected useful life ends, sometimes this will be the value of the asset as spare parts.

Lifespan indicates for how many periods the asset is useful (it's useful life), and must be depreciated. Accounting standards vary on what lifespan is appropriate for different classes of assets, such as durable and non-durable goods.

Period indicates the number of units of time between decremental calculations of the depreciation. If lifespan is measured in years, then the value specified for the period must also be in years.

Weight allows you to fine tune the calculation method. By default, the double declining balance method uses a factor of 2.

For some assets, alternative calculation methods such as the DB() function may be more appropriate. Your accountant can advise you for which assets the double declining balance method is an acceptable means of calculating depreciation, and what factors can be used when depreciating certain assets such as high-tech equipment or motor vehicles which exhibit accelerated depreciation in their first years of use.

INTRATE(settlementDate, maturityDate, amount, redemptionValue, basis)

SettlementDate is the date on which a security purchase is settled with the buyer taking possession of the security. Market conventions for settlement of trades vary by security and exchange. The settlement date may be substantially later than a security's issue date when it is traded on the secondary market.

MaturityDate is the date when the security can be redeemed. It ceases to accrue any further value after this date. The maturity date must be later than the settlementDate or an error value is returned.

Amount is the purchase price of the security. For positive interest, this amount will be smaller than the redemptionValue because it discounts interest that will be accrued over the time period the security is held.

RedemptionValue is the price a security holder may redeem their security for at the maturityDate. In some cases, this may be called the face value of the security.

Basis describes what accounting convention to use when counting days per calendar year, and days on which interest can accrue. If omitted, a basis consistent with United States National Association of Security Dealers (NASD) of 30/360 will be employed.

Date values should be passed to this function using either the DATE() function or UltraCalcValue objects containing .NET DateTime values. Date values represented as text may not be interpreted as you had intended.

DATEVALUE(date_text)

DATE(year,month,day)

DAYS360(start_date,end_date,method)

TIMEVALUE(time_text)

TIME(hour,minute,second)

MEDIAN(Value1, value2, ..., valueN)

Value1, value2, ..., valueN are any number of numeric values or references to numeric values for which you want the median value found. If any argument is an error value, or there are no numeric values within the series of arguments, then MEDIAN() will return an error value.

The median is the middle value of the sorted list of numeric values (you do not need to sort Value1, value2, ..., valueN prior to passing them to the MEDIAN() function). When the list contains an odd number of values, the median will be the value at position CEIL(N/2). For example, the median of the 5-value list 0, 20, 30, 50, 80, is the value in the third position: 30. When the list contains an even number of values, the median will be the average of the two values in the middle. For example, the median of the 4-value list 7, 20, 30, 45, is the average of the two middle elements (20 and 30): 25. Note that the value of the MEDIAN() varies most from the arithmetic mean of the sorted list when the distribution of values tends to favor one side or the other of that arithemtic mean. For example, the arithmetic mean of the 5-value list 1, 2, 3, 21, 43 is 14 but it's median value is 3.

VAR(Value1, value2, ..., valueN)

Value1, value2, ..., valueN are any number of numeric values or references to numeric values you provide to specify a sampling of your larger data population. If any argument contains an error value or there arte no numeric values in the sampling, the VAR() function evaluates to the first error value it encounters.

Variance is a measure of statistical variability, and is used in statistical studies based on small samplings from much larger data populations to draw inferences about the variability of those data populations.

STDEV(Value1, value2, ..., valueN)

Value1, value2, ..., valueN are any number of numeric values or references to numeric values that you've given to provide a sample space of your data set. If any value contains an error, then the function evaluates to the first error encountered. An error value is returned if the sample space contains no numeric values.

The standard deviation is used in statistical studies to make inferences about a larger population of data based on sampling only a subset. For well chosen samplings, a small standard deviation indicates most data points tend to cluster within a narrow range of values. A larger standard deviations indicates greater variability in the data points, and that there is a higher likelihood for values to occur farther away and/or more frequently away from the expected norm.

TYPE( value)

Value is an UltraCalcValue object or the result of evaluating an UltraCalc expression.

UltraCalc data type:	TYPE function returns:
Number	1
Text	2
Boolean	4
Error	16

ERRORTYPE(error_value)

Error_value is an UltraCalc error value resulting from the unsuccessful evaluation of an expression.

The ERRORTYPE function returns an error value of #N/A (Not Applicable) if you pass it an UltraCalc value that was not an error value.

Error_value	ERRORTYPE returns
#NULL!	1
#DIV/0!	2
#VALUE!	3
#REF!	4
#NAME?	5
#NUM!	6
#N/A!	7

NA()

The NA function always returns the same constant error value.

You might use this function when you wanted an IF function or other complex UltraCalc expression to return the #N/A! error value.

ISBLANK(value)

Value can be any constant, reference or the result of evaluating an UltraCalc expression.

The definition of what constitutes "blank" is anything that causes the IsNull method of the UltraCalcValue object containing the argument, value, to return TRUE. This may vary for different kinds of UltraCalcValue object.

ISERR(value)

Value is an UltraCalcValue object (perhaps the result of evaluating an UltraCalc expression) thought to be an error value. The ISERR function will return FALSE when value is not an error value, or it is an error but the error value was not applicable.

This is a weaker variation of the more stringent ISERROR function.

ISERROR(value)

Value is an UltraCalcValue object (perhaps the result of evaluating an UltraCalc expression) thought to be an error value. The ISERROR function will return FALSE only when value is not an error value.

A more relaxed variation of this function is the ISERR function, which returns TRUE when an error value is not applicable. The ISERROR function treats this case as being an error. If you are using certain UltraCalc functions then sometimes error values of #N/A! should be treated by your application as non-errors and you should choose ISERR instead of ISERROR.

ISLOGICAL(value)

Value is an UltraCalcValue object, or the result of evaluating an UltraCalc expression, which is thought to be a boolean value (TRUE or FALSE.) Boolean values are named in honor of George Boole, whose development of Boolean algebra governs the special characteristics of logical functions upon these two values.

Depending on the kind of value, it may not be convertible into a boolean value and therefore the ISLOGICAL function returns FALSE. The ISLOGICAL function only furnishes information about the compatibility of a value with the boolean-typed values evaluated by UltraCalc.

The ISLOGICAL function does not perform deductive reasoning. A return value of TRUE should not be interpreted as proof any value or UltraCalc expression passed to the ISLOGICAL function represents a logical outcome.

ISNA(value)

Value is an error value thought to be the error value returned when an error has happened, but the error code was not applicable.

ISNONTEXT( value)

Value is an UltraCalcValue object or the result of an UltraCalc expression evaluation that you want to test to determine whether it is a text value (such as a .NET String object) or a non-text value.

ISNUMBER( value)

Value is an UltraCalcValue or the result of evaluating an UltraCalc expression that you want to test to determine whether it is a number or not. A numeric value can be an integer, floating-point or decimal number.

ISREF( reference)

Reference is an UltraCalcValue object that contains a reference to some application-specific control, field, or piece of information. You can think of it as an address which the UltraCalc engine uses to look-up a value in your application when one is needed to evaluate an expression.

The ISREF function returns TRUE when the specified UltraCalcValue is a reference. Since it's value is defined by the contents at another referenced location, it's possible for this UltraCalcValue object to change in value based on changes in your application (outside of the UltraCalc engine.) Proper implementation of the IUltraCalcReference interface and NotifyValueChange methods will ensure the UltraCalc engine is made aware of any changes in a referenced value, and that all references depending on this value are refreshed.

Conversely, the ISREF function will return FALSE should the UltraCalcValue you supply represent a constant value or the temporary result of evaluating an UltraCalc expression (a constant value sitting at the top of the UltraCalc engine's number stack.)

ISTEXT(value)

Value is an UltraCalcValue object or the result of evaluating an UltraCalc expression that you want to test to determine whether it is of a text (e.g., string) value or a non-text value (which could be a numeric, boolean, or error value.)

ISEVEN(value)

Value is a number thought to be even (divisible by the integer 2.) A value that is not an integer will first be converted to an integer using the FLOOR function before evaluation.

ISODD(value)

Value is a number thought to be odd (not divisible by the integer 2.) A value that is not an integer will first be converted to an integer using the FLOOR function before evaluation.

IRR(value_reference, estimate)

Value_reference must be a column or range reference of numeric values representing cash outflows (payments) as negative numeric values, and cash inflows (income) as positive numeric values. Each cash flow must occur with a regular period. If payments occur at irregular intervals, then you must represent the cash flow periods as taking place on a period common to all cash flows, and at intervals without a cash flow specify a zero value. For example, if you finance the purchase of a television by taking a $300 loan with monthly payments of $110, but your payments do not start for three months, your series of cash flows would be monthly but would show three zero values for the months without payments (+300, 0, 0, 0, -110, -110, -110).

Estimate is an approximation close to what you expect the resulting internal rate of return to be. This function employs an iterative algorithm starting with this estimate and then repeatedly converging on a result that has a diminishing margin of error. If you do not provide an estimate then this function uses 10 percent as it's starting point.

If after twenty iterations the margin of error has not closed to within 1/1000 basis point then a #NUM error value will be returned.

The IRR() function has applications where you may be given a series of cash flows without an interest rate, such as in the retail financing example above, and wish to calculate what it's effective rate of interest would be. The internal rate is based on the period between cash flows, therefore when calculating payments that are not annual, you must annualize the internal rate.

RATE(nPeriods, amount, presentValue, paymentDue, futureValue, estimate)

NPeriods are the total number of cash flows, whether a payment (negative amount) or a receipt (positive amount) occuring periodically with a fixed time period between each cash flow.

Amount is the amount of cash paid (negative) or received (positive). It must be held constant over the course of the annuity.

PresentValue is the value today of the series of future payments. Payments made in the future are discounted by the interest rate being calculated, because it is assumed that at that interest rate a smaller sum could be invested today and would grow to the amount at a future time when that payment became due.

PaymentDue indicates whether cash flows occur at the beginning of each period (1) or at the end of each period (0). If not specified, the payments at the end of each period is assumed.

FutureValue is the accumulated balance attained after nPeriods payments have been made and accrued interest at the calculated rate. If left unspecified, the default future value is assumed to be zero (this represents reaching zero loan liability, when a loan has been fully repaid).

Estimate is an approximation of the interest rate used to start the calculation (which works by iteratively refining the estimate until it converges on the correct value). When no estimate is given a default of 10% is assumed.

CODE(Text)

Text is a text string of at least one character in length. This function returns the numeric code of the first character in Text. These code values correspond to those used by your machine to encode the text characters in a string (e.g., Unicode).

If Text is an empty string of zero length, then this function returns the code zero.

FIXED(value, decimal_places, exclude_thousands_separators)

Value is the numeric value to be rounded and formatted as text.

Decimal_places indicate how many places to the right of the decimal point the value should be rounded. If omitted, rounding occurs to two decimal places.

Exclude_thousands_separators is a boolean value (TRUE or FALSE) indicating whether commas should appear in the formatted text value. By default the formatted text includes commas as thousands separators.

This function may not return text values consistent with your locale's formatting of numbers because it operates using culture invariant settings (these include commas as thousands separators and decimal points) to facilitate unambiguously parsing the text values it formats into numeric values for subsequent calculations. Applications may instead choose to format numeric values after UltraCalc has finished processing them, but before presenting them to their end user.

No arguments are passed to this function.

The date returned for TODAY() is based on the local time of the host running UltraCalc. In some distributed applications, such as those built for the Web, this may be different from today's date at the client.

The date/time value returned is always adjusted to Midnight (00:00).

ASINH(value)

Value is the hyperbolic sine of some angle (measured in radians) that you want to find. As you might expect, the values of the hyperbolic sine function (see the SINH function) increase at a hyperbolic rate, but one consequence is that these ever larger changes in the hyperbolic sine will correspond to ever smaller changes in the angle. This relationship is intrinsic to many of the mathematical and engineering applications of the inverse hyperbolic sine function, such as when resistance or strain builds up on a body increasingly as it is rotated (hysteresis).

TANH(value)

Value is an angle measured in radians for which you want to calculate the hyperbolic tangent. If your angle is measured in degrees, multiply it by PI()/180 to convert into radians. The hyperbolic tangent has a range from -1 to 1.

ACOSH(value)

Value is the hyperbolic cosine of some angle (measured in radians) that you want to find. As you might expect, the values of the hyperbolic cosine function (see the COSH function) increase at a hyperbolic rate, but one consequence is that these ever larger changes in the hyperbolic cosine will correspond to ever smaller changes in the angle. This relationship is intrinsic to many of the mathematical and engineering applications of the inverse hyperbolic cosine function, such as when resistance or strain builds up on a body increasingly as it is rotated (hysteresis).

DATE(date, numberOfMonths)
Date is the starting date
NumberOfMonths is a number of months to shift the date. A positive number means a date after the startdate. A negative number indicates a date prior to the start date.

EOMONTH(date, numberOfMonths)
Date is the starting date
NumberOfMonths is a number of months to shift the date. A positive number means a date after the startdate. A negative number indicates a date prior to the start date.

WEEKDAY(date, returnType)
Date is a date.
ReturnType determines which numbering scheme is used for the days of the week. 1 (default) = Sunday (1) through Saturday (7) 2 = Monday (1) through Sunday (7) 3 = Monday (0) through Sunday (6)

NETWORKDAYS(startDate, endDate [, holiday1, holiday2, ..., holidayN])
StartDate is the date from which to start.
EndDate is the date at which to end.
Holiday1, holiday2, ..., holidayN is any number of dates or range references containing dates that are to be considered non-working days.

WEEKNUM(date, returnType)
Date is a date.
ReturnType determines which day begins the week. 1 (default) = Sunday is the first day of the week. 2 = Monday is the first day of the week.

WORKDAY(startDate, days [, holiday1, holiday2, ..., holidayN])
StartDate is the date from which to start.
Days is the number of work days to offset from the start date.
Holiday1, holiday2, ..., holidayN is any number of dates or range references containing dates that are to be considered non-working days.

Dec2X(number, places)
Number is the decimal value to be converted.
Places is the number of characters to use in representing the value. If places is not specified, the mimumum number of characters neccessary to represent the value will be used. Places allows you to specify leading zeros.

Dec2Bin(number, places)
Number is the decimal value to be converted.
Places is the number of characters to use in representing the value. If places is not specified, the mimumum number of characters neccessary to represent the value will be used. Places allows you to specify leading zeros.

Dec2Hex(number, places)
Number is the decimal value to be converted.
Places is the number of characters to use in representing the value. If places is not specified, the mimumum number of characters neccessary to represent the value will be used. Places allows you to specify leading zeros.

Dec2Oct(number, places)
Number is the decimal value to be converted.
Places is the number of characters to use in representing the value. If places is not specified, the mimumum number of characters neccessary to represent the value will be used. Places allows you to specify leading zeros.

X2Dec(number)
Number is a string represeting a number in a non-decimal number system.

Bin2Dec(number)
Number is a string represeting a binary number.

Hex2Dec(number)
Number is a string represeting a hexadecimal number.

Oct2Dec(number)
Number is a string represeting a octal number.

XBase2XBase(number, places)
Number is the value to be converted.
Places is the number of characters to use in representing the value. If places is not specified, the mimumum number of characters neccessary to represent the value will be used. Places allows you to specify leading zeros.

Bin2Oct(number, places)
Number is the value to be converted.
Places is the number of characters to use in representing the value. If places is not specified, the mimumum number of characters neccessary to represent the value will be used. Places allows you to specify leading zeros.

Bin2Hex(number, places)
Number is the value to be converted.
Places is the number of characters to use in representing the value. If places is not specified, the mimumum number of characters neccessary to represent the value will be used. Places allows you to specify leading zeros.

Oct2Bin(number, places)
Number is the value to be converted.
Places is the number of characters to use in representing the value. If places is not specified, the mimumum number of characters neccessary to represent the value will be used. Places allows you to specify leading zeros.

Oct2Hex(number, places)
Number is the value to be converted.
Places is the number of characters to use in representing the value. If places is not specified, the mimumum number of characters neccessary to represent the value will be used. Places allows you to specify leading zeros.

Hex2Bin(number, places)
Number is the value to be converted.
Places is the number of characters to use in representing the value. If places is not specified, the mimumum number of characters neccessary to represent the value will be used. Places allows you to specify leading zeros.

Hex2Oct(number, places)
Number is the value to be converted.
Places is the number of characters to use in representing the value. If places is not specified, the mimumum number of characters neccessary to represent the value will be used. Places allows you to specify leading zeros.

CONVERT(number, fromUnit, toUnit)
Number is the value to convert.
FromUnit is the unit in which the number is given.
ToUnit is the units to convert to.
Weight and mass units: "g" = gram "sg" = slug "lbm" = pound mass (avoirdupois) "u" = U (atomic mass unit) "ozm" = Ounce mass (avoirdupois)
Distance units: "m" = Meter "mi" = Statute mile "Nmi" = Nautical mile "in" = Inch "ft" = Foot "yd" = Yard "ang" = Angstrom "Pica" = Pica (1/72 in.)
Time units: "yr" = Year "day" = Day "hr" = Hour "mn" = Minute "sec" = Second
Pressure units "Pa" (or "p") = Pascal "atm" (or "at") = Atmosphere "mmHg" = mm of Mercury
Force units "N" = Newton "dyn" (or "dy") = Dyne "lbf" = Pound force
Energy units: "J" = Joule "e" = Erg "c" = Thermodynamic calorie "cal" = IT calorie "eV" (or "ev") = Electron volt "HPh" (or "hh") = Horsepower-hour "Wh" (or "wh") = Watt-hour "flb" = Foot-pound "BTU" (or "btu") = BTU
Power units: "HP" (or "h") = Horsepower "W" (or "w") = Watt
Magentism units: "T" = Tesla "ga" = Gauss
Temperature units: "C" (or "cel") = Degree Celsius "F" (or "fah") = Degree Fahrenheit "K" (or "kel") = Kelvin
Liquid measure units: "tsp" = Teaspoon "tbs" = Tablespoon "oz" = Fluid ounce "cup" = Cup "pt" (or "us_pt") = U.S. pint "uk_pt" = U.K. pint "qt" = Quart "gal" = Gallon "l" (or "lt") = Liter
Any metric ToUnit or FromUnit may be prefixed with one of the following: exa ("E") = 1E+18 peta ("P") = 1E+15 tera ("T") = 1E+12 giga ("G") = 1E+09 mega ("M") = 1E+06 kilo ("k") = 1E+03 hecto ("h") = 1E+02 dekao ("e") = 1E+01 deci ("d") = 1E-01 centi ("c") = 1E-02 milli ("m") = 1E-03 micro ("u") = 1E-06 nano ("n") = 1E-09 pico ("p") = 1E-12 femto ("f") = 1E-15 atto ("a") = 1E-18

DELTA(number1, [number2])
Number1 is a number.
Number2 is a number. If Number2 is not specified, Number1 will be compared to 0.

GESTEP(number, [step])
Number is a number.
Step is a number. If step is not specified, Number will be compared to 0.

COMPLEX(realNumber, imaginaryNumber, [suffix])
RealNumber is the real coefficient of the complex number.
ImaginaryNumber is the imaginary coefficient of the number.
Suffix specifies the suffix to use. The acceptable values are "i" or "j". If omitted, "i" is used. Note that the suffix is case-sensitive; upper case "I" and "J" are not allowed and will result in a #VALUE error.

IMABS(complexNumber)
ComplexNumber is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".

IMAGINARY(complexNumber)
ComplexNumber is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".

IMARGUMENT(complexNumber)
ComplexNumber is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".

IMCONJUGATE(complexNumber)
ComplexNumber is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".

IMCOS(complexNumber)
ComplexNumber is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".

IMDIV(dividend, divisor)
Dividend is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".
Divisor is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".

IMEXP(complexNumber)
ComplexNumber is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".

IMLN(complexNumber)
ComplexNumber is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".

IMREAL(complexNumber)
ComplexNumber is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".

IMSUB(complexNumber1, complexNumber2)
ComplexNumber1 is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj" from which ComplexNumber2 will be subtracted.
ComplexNumber2 is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj" which will be subtracted from ComplexNumber1.

IMPRODUCT(complexNumber1 [, complexNumber2, complexNumber3, ..., complexNumberN])
ComplexNumber1, ComplexNumber2, ..., ComplexNumberN is any number of complex numbers in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj" which will be multiplied together.

IMSUM(complexNumber1 [, complexNumber2, complexNumber3, ..., complexNumberN])
ComplexNumber1, ComplexNumber2, ..., ComplexNumberN is any number of complex numbers in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj" which will be added together.

IMLOG10(complexNumber)
ComplexNumber is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".

IMLOG2(complexNumber)
ComplexNumber is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".

IMSIN(complexNumber)
ComplexNumber is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".

IMSQRT(complexNumber)
ComplexNumber is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".

IMPOWER(complexNumber, power)
ComplexNumber is a complex number in the format: "x + yi" or "x + yj".
Power is the power to which ComplexNumber will be raised.

DollarFr(decimalDollarAmount, Fraction)
DecimalDollarAmount is the dollar amount expressed as a decimal.
Fraction is the value used as the denominator of the fraction. If this value is not an integer, it will be truncated.

DollarFr(decimalDollarAmount, Fraction)
DecimalDollarAmount is the dollar amount expressed as a decimal.
Fraction is the value used as the denominator of the fraction. If this value is not an integer, it will be truncated.

INFO(type)
Type is a string indicating the type of information to return.
"directory" = The full path to the current folder. "osversion" = The currently operating system version as a string. "system" = The current operating system. This will always return "pcdos" which indicates Microsoft Windows. The corresponding function in Excel can also return "mac" for Macintosh, but since NetAdvantage is only supported in Windows, this function will always return "pcdos".
The following are supported by Microsoft Excel, but have no correlation in UltraCalcManager: "numfile", "origin", "recalc", "release".
The following are supported in older versions of Excel, but not Office2007, and have no correlation in UltraCalcManager: "memavail", "memused", "totmem".

N(value)
Value is the value to be converted to a number. The following are acceptable values:
A number - returns the number. A date - returns the date. True - returns 1. False - returns 0. An error value - returns the error value. Any other value - returns 0.

FACT(number)
Number is a positive number for which the factorial will be calculated.

FACTDOUBLE(number)
Number is a positive number for which the double factorial will be calculated.

Combin(number, numberChosen)
Number is the number of items.
NumberChosen is the number of items chosen in each combination.

DEGREES(radians)
Radians is a value in radians which will be converted to degrees.

RADIANS(degrees)
Degrees is a value in degrees which will be converted to radians.

GCD(number1, [number2, number3, ..., numberN])
Number1, Number2, ..., NumberN is any number of integers.

LCM(number1, [number2, number3, ..., numberN])
Number1, Number2, ..., NumberN is any number of integers.

MULTINOMIAL(number1, [number2, number3, ..., numberN])
Number1, Number2, ..., NumberN is any number of numbers.

MRound(number, multiple)
Number is a number to be rounded.
Multiple is a number indicating the multiple to which to round.

RANDBETWEEN(bottom, top)
Bottom is the minumum value that will be returned.
Top is the maximum value that will be returned.

ROMAN(number, form)
Number is the number to convert to roman numerals.
Form is a number or boolean value indicating whether to use classic roman numerals or a more concise version.
0 = (Default) Classic. (499 = "CDXCIX") 1 = More concise. (499 = "LDVLIV") 2 = More concise. (499 = "XDIX") 3 = More concise. (499 = "VDIV") 4 = Simplified. (499 = "ID") TRUE = Classic. FALSE = Simplified.

ROUNDDOWN(number, digits)
Number is a number to be rounded down.
Digits indicates the number of decimal places to round to. Positive numbers indicates places after the decimal point, negative numbers indicate places before the decimal point.

ROUNDUP(number, digits)
Number is a number to be rounded up.
Digits indicates the number of decimal places to round to. Positive numbers indicates places after the decimal point, negative numbers indicate places before the decimal point.

SERIESSUM(inputValue, initialPower, step, coefficient1 [, coefficient2, coefficient3, ..., coefficientN])
InputValue is the input value to the power series.
InitialPower is the initial power to which X will be raised.
Step is the step which will be used to increase N for each term in the series.
Coefficient1, Coefficient2, ..., CoefficientN is a set of coefficients by which each successive power of X is multiplied.

SIGN(number)
The number whose sign wil be returned.

SQRTPI(number)
The number which will be multiplied by Pi.

CHOOSE(index_num, value1, [value2, ..., valueN])

REPT(text_value, repeat_count)

Text_value is the text which should be repeated.

Repeat_count is the positive number of times text_value should be repeated.

When repeat_count is negative, and error value is returned. When repeat_count is 0, an empty string is returned. When repeat_count is not an integer, it will be truncated.

If the length of the returned string would be greater than 32,767, an error value is returned.

Subtotal(function_num, ref1, ref2,...)

Function_num is the type which should be calculated.

Function_num (includes hidden values)	Function_num (ignores hidden values)	Function
1	101	AVERAGE
2	102	COUNT
4	104	MAX
5	105	MIN
6	106	PRODUCT
7	107	STDEV
9	109	SUM
10	110	VAR

Ref1, ref2, ... are references for which you want to find the subtotal.

Text(value, format_text)

value is the numeric value which should be formatted.

format_text is a the number format with which to format the value.

IFERROR(value, value_if_error)

value is the value to use when it is not an error.

value_if_error is the value to use if the value argument is an error.

COUNTA(Value1, Value2, ..., ValueN)

Value1, value2, ... valueN can be references to different data structures, such as columns. Each non-blank value is counted.

When a reference is a range reference, only the non-blank values within the range will be counted.

SEARCH(search_text, value, [start_index])

search_text is the text to find in value.

value is the text in which to find search_text.

start_index is the 1-based index in which to start the search (if omitted, the start_index is 1).

SEARCHB(search_text, value, [start_index])

search_text is the text to find in value.

value is the text in which to find search_text.

start_index is the 1-based index in which to start the search (if omitted, the start_index is 1).

AVEDEV(number1, number2, ...)

Number1, number2, ... are one or more numeric values or references to numeric values.

Once the assembly is loaded, any type that derives from UltraCalcFunction will be registered with the function factory

The number stack is used for evaluating formulas. When formulas are compiled, the formula tokens are placed in a collection in post-fix, or Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) format. RPN format arranges the formula token list so each sub-expressions's terms are placed before their operator, and sub-expressions are ordered to enforce correct operator precedence. This format allows the formula evaluate method to loop through the formula token collection front to back pushing an operator's terms onto the number stack until an operator is reached. Each time an operator is reached, it's subexpression is computed and resulting value pushed onto the number stack. Once the end of the end of the formula collection is reached, the formulas calculated value is at the top of the number stack.

A external reference has the form "//object_name/object_specific_part". The control identified by object_name must implement and be able to parse object_specific_part.

An internal reference is a reference within the same control that implements this instance of the interface. An internal reference can be absolute or relative. Absolute references must begin with the "/" character. Such references must be created relative to the root object in the control. Relative references are created relative to this reference.

Note that in complex reference models, multiple reference strings may point to the same underlying object. The reference string used to create the reference must be available to other methods such as ResolveReference, References and MarkRelativeIndicies. Consequently, if the reference string is relative, a proxy reference object should be returned that retains the relative reference string.

Returns a meaningful object context for the reference. This could be an UltraGridCell, UltraGridColumn, NamedReference, Control, etc.

An instance of this class may contain one of several base data types including doubles, singles, integers, booleans, strings, and error values.

If there is no meaningful conversion to an integer this method will throw an InvalidCastException

The instance value's underlying data type must be reference to return a reference, else an error reference is returned.

This method returns an whose error code is set this instance's error code.

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

If there is no meaningful conversion, this method will throw an InvalidCastException

When using the 1900 date system in Excel, dates before 3/1/1900 must be corrected, because Excel incorrectly assumes 1900 is a leap year. This overload assumes the 1900 date system is being used as so it corrects the date values.

When using the 1900 date system in Excel, dates before 3/1/1900 must be corrected, because Excel incorrectly assumes 1900 is a leap year. This overload assumes the 1900 date system is being used as so it corrects the date values.

In Excel, only the fractional portion of the date value represents the time of day, so if is greater than 1, only the fractional part will be used.

The TimeSpan.Days portion of the will not be used. Only the time of day will be used from the TimeSpan.

If the reference is already in the references or dynamic references collection of the formula, this will have no effect.

Base reference associated with the formula. For example, in the case of a column formula, BaseReference would be the column reference.

Note: This operator must take exactly two operands/arguments.

Note: This operator must take exactly two operands/arguments.

Note: This operator must take exactly two operands/arguments.

Note: This operator must take exactly two operands/arguments.

Note: This operator must take exactly two operands/arguments.

Note: This operator must take exactly two operands/arguments.

Note: This operator must take exactly two operands/arguments.

Note: This operator must take exactly two operands/arguments.

Note: This operator must take exactly two operands/arguments.

Note: This operator must take exactly two operands/arguments.

Note: This operator must take exactly two operands/arguments.

Note: This operator must take exactly two operands/arguments.

Note: This operator must take exactly one operand/argument.

Note: This operator must take exactly one operand/argument.

Note: This operator must take exactly one operand/argument.

Array formulas are similar to regular formula in that they have the same grammar. However, array formulas must be set on a single region of cells only. When the array formula is applied to a region of cells, each cell's Formula property will be the array formula. The Value of each cell cannot be changed unless is called on the array formula or another value is applied to a region of cells which completely contains the array formula's region.

Because the array formula stores the region of the cells to which it is applied in the property, the array formula can only be applied to one region of cells.

Array formulas are created through Microsoft Excel by selecting a region of cells, entering a formula for that range, and pressing Ctrl+Shift+Enter. This causes the formula of each cell in the region to appear as follows: {=Formula}.

See the Microsoft Excel documentation for more information on array formulas.

Formulas provide a way to show dynamic values in a cell. The value could be based any number of factors, such as the values of other cells and the time of day. Those alternate cells can even exist in different workbook files on the user's machine or on the internet.

See Microsoft Excel help for more information on formulas.

Use one of the Parse or TryParse overloads to create a new formula.

This method, or one of the other ApplyTo overrides must be used to set the value of a cell to a formula.

After this method returns, the of the specified cell will return the formula.

This method, or one of the other ApplyTo overrides must be used to set the value of a cell to a formula.

After this method returns, the of all cells in the specified region will return the formula.

This method, or one of the other ApplyTo overrides must be used to set the value of a cell to a formula.

After this method returns, the of all cells in all specified regions will return the formula.

This method, or one of the other ApplyTo overrides must be used to set the value of a cell to a formula.

After this method returns, the of all cells in all specified regions will return the array formula.

After this method returns, the will be null.

If this is null, the formula has not yet been applied.

Note: The BIFF8Writer class is no longer needed. Use one of the Save overloads on instead.

Note: The method should be used instead to write the workbook to a file.

Note: The method should be used instead to write the workbook to a stream.

Note: The method should be used instead to write the workbook to a stream.

Custom views provide a way to save display options and optionally print options for the workbook and each worksheet in the workbook. These options can be different from the options currently set on the workbook and worksheets.

Multiple custom views can be saved with a workbook, and the options from a custom view can be applied to its associated workbook by calling the method on it.

There is no state of the workbook indicating the custom view currently applied, so applying a custom view simply copies over all options saved with it to the workbook and its worksheet. If an applied custom view is then changed, those changes will not be updated on the workbook or worksheets. Instead, the custom view will need to be applied again for those changes to be reflected on the workbook or worksheet.

Setting properties on the returned instance will not change the actual display of the worksheet. After setting properties, the method of the will apply them to the worksheet.

Adding columns on the returned instance will not actually hide columns in the worksheet. After modifying the hidden columns in this collection, the method of the will hide or unhide the columns.

Adding rows on the returned instance will not actually hide rows in the worksheet. After modifying the hidden rows in this collection, the method of the will hide or unhide the rows.

Setting properties on the returned instance will not change the actual print settings of the worksheet. After setting properties, the method of the will apply them to the worksheet.

The name of the custom view is displayed in the custom views dialog of Microsoft Excel and must be case-insensitively unique to other custom views in the workbook.

If the value is False, the return value of and will always be null, regardless of the worksheet specified.

If the value is False, the return value of will always be null, regardless of the worksheet specified.

Setting properties on the returned instance will not change the actual window options of the associated workbook. After setting properties, the method of the will apply them to the workbook.

This class provides a way to control how a worksheet is displayed when it is viewed in Microsoft Excel.

The defaults used for each setting are the same defaults with which Microsoft Excel creates a blank worksheet.

For these settings to be saved in the workbook file, must be True.

Note: Frozen and unfrozen panes cannot be used simultaneously, so depending on whether the panes are frozen or unfrozen, these settings may not be used.

If the workbook is using a standard palette, the color set may be changed if it is not in the palette. In this case, the closest color in the standard palette will be used.

Depending on the value of this property, either the or the will be used for the worksheet. The unused settings are ignored and are not saved with the workbook stream.

If this value is True, the formula string will be displayed in the cell. If the value is False, the result of the formula will be displayed in the cell.

If the outline symbols are displayed, they provide a visual representation of the outline levels or rows and columns in Microsoft Excel. In addition, the outline symbols include the expansion indicators which allow for the expanding and collapsing of outline groups.

The row and column headers show the identifier of the row or column. They also allow the user to easily select all cells in a row or column by clicking them.

When this value is True, one ruler will display above the column headers of the active page in page layout view. Another ruler will also display before the row headers of the active page.

Note: This property will only affect the worksheet view if the is PageLayout.

Note: The value of PageLayout is only supported in Excel 2007. If a worksheet with that View is viewed in earlier versions of Microsoft Excel, the view will default to Normal view.

If this value is True, cells with a value of zero will display their values; otherwise, those cells will display as blanks.

For these settings to be saved in the workbook file, must be False.

Note: Frozen and unfrozen panes cannot be used simultaneously, so depending on whether the panes are frozen or unfrozen, these settings may not be used.

The view determines the overall display of the worksheet in Microsoft Excel.

Note: The value of PageLayout is only supported in Excel 2007. If a worksheet with that View is viewed in earlier versions of Microsoft Excel, the view will default to Normal view.

The visibility determines whether the worksheet's tab will appear in the tab bar at the bottom of Microsoft Excel.

The defaults used for each setting are the same defaults with which Microsoft Excel creates a blank worksheet.

Magnifications are stored as percentages of the normal viewing magnification. A value of 100 indicates normal magnification whereas a value of 200 indicates a zoom that is twice the normal viewing magnification.

The properties explicitly defined on this class and not inherited from the base class, , are options that can be saved with a custom view, but not with a workbook. Therefore, these properties will not be applied when the method is called.

This class provides a way to control how a workbook is displayed when it is viewed in Microsoft Excel.

The defaults used for each setting are the same defaults with which Microsoft Excel creates a blank workbook.

The vertical scroll bar occupies the entire height of the application if it is visible.

The horizontal scroll bar occupies the width of the application not used by the worksheet tab bar, if it is visible. Otherwise, it occupies the entire width of the application.

If this is an instance of and the SelectedWorksheet value is null, the workbook's selected worksheet will not be changed when the associated is applied.

Note: If the selected worksheet does not have its set to Visible when the workbook is saved, another worksheet will be selected.

If the value is False, the will not be used, but it will still be serialized with the workbook.

This value is only used if is True. Regardless of whether the tab bar is visible, the width value is always saved with the workbook.

A value of 1000 indicates the worksheet tab bar occupies the entire width of the application, while a value of 0 indicates the worksheet tab bar has no width.

All space not occupied by the worksheet tab bar will be used by the horizontal scroll bar, if it is visible.

The defaults used for each setting are the same defaults with which Microsoft Excel creates a blank workbook.

Note: This property will have no affect on the workbook if is True. However, in this case, the value of this property will still be saved with the workbook.

Note: This setting cannot be saved with a in the Excel file. It can only be saved with a CustomView. Therefore, there is no corresponding property in and calling on the associated CustomView will not apply this property. Only by applying the custom view through the Microsoft Excel user interface will the setting on this property be applied.

Note: This setting cannot be saved with a in the Excel file. It can only be saved with a CustomView. Therefore, there is no corresponding property in and calling on the associated CustomView will not apply this property. Only by applying the custom view through the Microsoft Excel user interface will the setting on this property be applied.

Note: This setting cannot be saved with a in the Excel file. It can only be saved with a CustomView. Therefore, there is no corresponding property in and calling on the associated CustomView will not apply this property. Only by applying the custom view through the Microsoft Excel user interface will the setting on this property be applied.

Note: This setting cannot be saved with a in the Excel file. It can only be saved with a CustomView. Therefore, there is no corresponding property in and calling on the associated CustomView will not apply this property. Only by applying the custom view through the Microsoft Excel user interface will the setting on this property be applied.

This value is only used when is True.

Note: the title cannot be more than 225 characters.

This value is only used when is True.

Note: the title cannot be more than 32 characters.

This value is only used when is True.

This value is only used when is True.

Note: the description cannot be more than 255 characters.

This value is only used when is True.

Note: the title cannot be more than 32 characters.

When the value is False, invalid data can be entered into cells, but when the user chooses to subsequently circle invalid values in Microsoft Excel, the cell will be circled.

The input prompt will only be shown if this value is True and the is not null.

The formula will indicate the value is invalid by evaluating to False, 0, any (such as #VALUE!), or any string other than "True" (case-insensitive). True, "True" (case-insensitive), null, and non-zero numeric values will indicate a valid value has been applied.

The address passed in is only needed if relative addresses are used in the the formula. For example, consider the formula applied is =B1, and the data validation rule is applied to the region A1:A5. If you get the formula for A1, the formula =B1 will be returned. If you get the formula for A2, =B2 will be returned. Similarly, for cell A5, =B5 will be returned. However, if the formula contains no references or all absolute references, the is ignored. So in the previous example, if the original formula was =$B$1, the same formula will be returned regardless of the specified address.

can be any valid cell or region reference on a worksheet. If a region address is specified, the top-left cell or the region is used. The cell or region specified does not need to have the data validation rule applied to it. Any reference is allowed.

The cell reference mode with which to parse will be assumed to be A1, unless the data validation rule is applied to a worksheet which is in a workbook, in which case the will be used.

The formula will indicate the value is invalid by evaluating to False, 0, any (such as #VALUE!), or any string other than "True" (case-insensitive). True, "True" (case-insensitive), null, and non-zero numeric values will indicate a valid value has been applied.

The address passed in is only needed if relative addresses are used in the the formula. When the data validation rule is applied to cells or regions, the references in the formula used by each individual cell will be shifted by the offset of the cell to the passed in . For example, consider the formula specified is =B1 and the specified address is A1. If the data validation rule is then applied to the A5 cell, the formula is will use is =B5. However, if the references in the formula are absolute, such as =$B$1, the same formula will be applied regardless of the specified address.

can be any valid cell or region reference on a worksheet. If a region address is specified, the top-left cell or the region is used. The cell or region specified does not need to have the data validation rule applied to it. Any reference is allowed.

The cell reference mode with which to parse will be assumed to be A1, unless the data validation rule is applied to a worksheet which is in a workbook, in which case the will be used.

If the rule is only applied to the specified cell, it will be removed from the collection.

If any rules in the collection are not applied to any cells after this operation, they will be removed from the collection.

If any rules in the collection are not applied to any cells after this operation, they will be removed from the collection.

The is a string containing the list of accepted values or a reference to a cell or region in the same Workbook which contains the accepted values.

If the formula equals a string, it will be a list of accepted value, such as ="A,B,C". If one of the values must contain a double quote ("), the character will be repeated in the list, like so: ="A,""B"",C". This will allow the values A, "B", and C. The separator between values will be a comma (,), unless the decimal separator for the current culture is a comma, in which case the separator will be a semicolon (;).

If the formula equals one or more references, it will be a reference to a single cell or region in the same Workbook. Union, intersection, and range operators are not allowed. An formula might be something like =$A$1 or =Sheet2!$A$1:$A$5. In addition to a single cell or region, a named reference can also be used, but only if it refers to a single cell or region. If a region is specified, or a named reference that refers to a region, the region will consist of a single row or column. A formula that equals an error value can also be returned, but will cause the cell to not accept any values and the drop down to be empty, so it is not very useful.

The address passed in is only needed if relative addresses are used in the the formula. For example, consider the formula applied is =B1, and the data validation rule is applied to the region A1:A5. If you get the formula for A1, the formula =B1 will be returned. If you get the formula for A2, =B2 will be returned. Similarly, for cell A5, =B5 will be returned. However, if the formula contains no references or all absolute references, the is ignored. So in the previous example, if the original formula was =$B$1, the same formula will be returned regardless of the specified address.

can be any valid cell or region reference on a worksheet. If a region address is specified, the top-left cell or the region is used. The cell or region specified does not need to have the data validation rule applied to it. Any reference is allowed.

The cell reference mode with which to parse will be assumed to be A1, unless the data validation rule is applied to a worksheet which is in a workbook, in which case the will be used.

If is True, null values are allowed in addition to the list of accepted values.

All values will have ToString called on them to covert the accepted values list to a formula.

Note: the formula of accepted values is created by separating each value with a function parameter separator and concatenating them into a single string. So a list of 1, 2, and 3 would have the following formula created: ="1,2,3". However, if the decimal separator of the current culture is a comma (,) then a semicolon (;) will be used to separate the values instead. Because of this, if the ToString of a value returns a string which contains one of these separators, the value will be split into two or more allowed values.

The formula must be a string containing the list of accepted values or a reference to a cell or region in the same Workbook which contains the accepted values.

If a formula equaling a string is specified, it must be a string literal and it cannot be concatenated. For example, an acceptable formula would be ="A,B,C". If one of the values must contain a double quote ("), the character should be repeated in the list, like so: ="A,""B"",C". This will allow the values A, "B", and C. The separator between values must be a comma (,), unless the decimal separator for the current culture is a comma, in which case the separator must be a semicolon (;).

If a formula equaling one or more references is specified, it must be a reference to a single cell or region in the same Workbook. Union, intersection, and range operators are not allowed. An acceptable formula might be =$A$1 or =Sheet2!$A$1:$A$5. In addition to a single cell or region, a named reference can also be used, but only if it refers to a single cell or region. If a region is specified, or a named reference that refers to a region, the region must consist of a single row or column. A formula that equals an error value is also allowed, but will cause the cell to not accept any values and the drop down to be empty, so it is not very useful.

The address passed in is only needed if relative addresses are used in the the formula. When the data validation rule is applied to cells or regions, the references in the formula used by each individual cell will be shifted by the offset of the cell to the passed in . For example, consider the formula specified is =B1 and the specified address is A1. If the data validation rule is then applied to the A5 cell, the formula is will use is =B5. However, if the references in the formula are absolute, such as =$B$1, the same formula will be applied regardless of the specified address.

can be any valid cell or region reference on a worksheet. If a region address is specified, the top-left cell or the region is used. The cell or region specified does not need to have the data validation rule applied to it. Any reference is allowed.

The cell reference mode with which to parse will be assumed to be A1, unless the data validation rule is applied to a worksheet which is in a workbook, in which case the will be used.

The list of values can only be obtained if it was set with the method or a formula is applied with one of the SetValuesFormula methods and the formula equals a constant string with a list of values, such as ="A,B,C".

If this is True, a drop down arrow will be displayed next to the cell when it is selected. When the user clicks the drop down arrow, a drop down will be displayed with the list of accepted values.

Depending on the value specified, either then cell value or the length of its text equivalent will be compared against the constraint(s). In addition, certain ValidationCriteria values may disallow a cell value even if it is valid when compared to the constraint. For example, the ValidationCriteria.WholeNumber value will not allow any number with a fractional portion.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the constraint formula's value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the constraint formula's value.

The address passed in is only needed if relative addresses are used in the the formula. For example, consider the formula applied is =B1, and the data validation rule is applied to the region A1:A5. If you get the formula for A1, the formula =B1 will be returned. If you get the formula for A2, =B2 will be returned. Similarly, for cell A5, =B5 will be returned. However, if the formula contains no references or all absolute references, the is ignored. So in the previous example, if the original formula was =$B$1, the same formula will be returned regardless of the specified address.

can be any valid cell or region reference on a worksheet. If a region address is specified, the top-left cell or the region is used. The cell or region specified does not need to have the data validation rule applied to it. Any reference is allowed.

The cell reference mode with which to parse will be assumed to be A1, unless the data validation rule is applied to a worksheet which is in a workbook, in which case the will be used.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the constraint value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the constraint value.

This overload is preferred when the ValidationCriteria is WholeNumber, Decimal, or TextLength. When the ValidationCriteria is Time, the overload is preferred, and when the ValidationCriteria is Date, the overload is preferred.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the constraint value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the constraint value.

This overload is preferred when the ValidationCriteria is Date. When the ValidationCriteria is WholeNumber, Decimal, or TextLength, the overload is preferred, and when the ValidationCriteria is Time, the overload is preferred.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the constraint value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the constraint value.

This overload is preferred when the ValidationCriteria is Time. When the ValidationCriteria is WholeNumber, Decimal, or TextLength, the overload is preferred, and when the ValidationCriteria is Date, the overload is preferred.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the constraint formula's value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the constraint formula's value.

The address passed in is only needed if relative addresses are used in the the formula. When the data validation rule is applied to cells or regions, the references in the formula used by each individual cell will be shifted by the offset of the cell to the passed in . For example, consider the formula specified is =B1 and the specified address is A1. If the data validation rule is then applied to the A5 cell, the formula is will use is =B5. However, if the references in the formula are absolute, such as =$B$1, the same formula will be applied regardless of the specified address.

can be any valid cell or region reference on a worksheet. If a region address is specified, the top-left cell or the region is used. The cell or region specified does not need to have the data validation rule applied to it. Any reference is allowed.

The cell reference mode with which to parse will be assumed to be A1, unless the data validation rule is applied to a worksheet which is in a workbook, in which case the will be used.

The constraint value can only be obtained if it was set with the one of the SetConstraint methods or a formula was set with one of the SetConstraintFormula methods and the formula equals a constant value, such as =5.

The constraint value can only be obtained if it was set with the one of the SetConstraint methods or a formula was set with one of the SetConstraintFormula methods and the formula equals a constant value, such as =5.

The constraint value can only be obtained if it was set with the one of the SetConstraint methods or a formula was set with one of the SetConstraintFormula methods and the formula equals a constant value, such as =5.

Depending on the of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the constraint value or formula.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the lower constraint formula's value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the lower constraint formula's value.

When the is Between, the value must be greater than or equal to the lower constraint and less than or equal to the upper constraint. When the ValidationOperator is NotBetween, the value must be less than the lower constraint or greater than the upper constraint.

The address passed in is only needed if relative addresses are used in the the formula. For example, consider the formula applied is =B1, and the data validation rule is applied to the region A1:A5. If you get the formula for A1, the formula =B1 will be returned. If you get the formula for A2, =B2 will be returned. Similarly, for cell A5, =B5 will be returned. However, if the formula contains no references or all absolute references, the is ignored. So in the previous example, if the original formula was =$B$1, the same formula will be returned regardless of the specified address.

can be any valid cell or region reference on a worksheet. If a region address is specified, the top-left cell or the region is used. The cell or region specified does not need to have the data validation rule applied to it. Any reference is allowed.

The cell reference mode with which to parse will be assumed to be A1, unless the data validation rule is applied to a worksheet which is in a workbook, in which case the will be used.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the upper constraint formula's value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the upper constraint formula's value.

When the is Between, the value must be greater than or equal to the lower constraint and less than or equal to the upper constraint. When the ValidationOperator is NotBetween, the value must be less than the lower constraint or greater than the upper constraint.

The address passed in is only needed if relative addresses are used in the the formula. For example, consider the formula applied is =B1, and the data validation rule is applied to the region A1:A5. If you get the formula for A1, the formula =B1 will be returned. If you get the formula for A2, =B2 will be returned. Similarly, for cell A5, =B5 will be returned. However, if the formula contains no references or all absolute references, the is ignored. So in the previous example, if the original formula was =$B$1, the same formula will be returned regardless of the specified address.

can be any valid cell or region reference on a worksheet. If a region address is specified, the top-left cell or the region is used. The cell or region specified does not need to have the data validation rule applied to it. Any reference is allowed.

The cell reference mode with which to parse will be assumed to be A1, unless the data validation rule is applied to a worksheet which is in a workbook, in which case the will be used.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the lower constraint value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the lower constraint value.

When the is Between, the value must be greater than or equal to the lower constraint and less than or equal to the upper constraint. When the ValidationOperator is NotBetween, the value must be less than the lower constraint or greater than the upper constraint.

This overload is preferred when the ValidationCriteria is WholeNumber, Decimal, or TextLength. When the ValidationCriteria is Time, the overload is preferred, and when the ValidationCriteria is Date, the overload is preferred.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the lower constraint value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the lower constraint value.

When the is Between, the value must be greater than or equal to the lower constraint and less than or equal to the upper constraint. When the ValidationOperator is NotBetween, the value must be less than the lower constraint or greater than the upper constraint.

This overload is preferred when the ValidationCriteria is Date. When the ValidationCriteria is WholeNumber, Decimal, or TextLength, the overload is preferred, and when the ValidationCriteria is Time, the overload is preferred.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the lower constraint value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the lower constraint value.

When the is Between, the value must be greater than or equal to the lower constraint and less than or equal to the upper constraint. When the ValidationOperator is NotBetween, the value must be less than the lower constraint or greater than the upper constraint.

This overload is preferred when the ValidationCriteria is Time. When the ValidationCriteria is WholeNumber, Decimal, or TextLength, the overload is preferred, and when the ValidationCriteria is Date, the overload is preferred.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the lower constraint formula's value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the lower constraint formula's value.

When the is Between, the value must be greater than or equal to the lower constraint and less than or equal to the upper constraint. When the ValidationOperator is NotBetween, the value must be less than the lower constraint or greater than the upper constraint.

The address passed in is only needed if relative addresses are used in the the formula. When the data validation rule is applied to cells or regions, the references in the formula used by each individual cell will be shifted by the offset of the cell to the passed in . For example, consider the formula specified is =B1 and the specified address is A1. If the data validation rule is then applied to the A5 cell, the formula is will use is =B5. However, if the references in the formula are absolute, such as =$B$1, the same formula will be applied regardless of the specified address.

can be any valid cell or region reference on a worksheet. If a region address is specified, the top-left cell or the region is used. The cell or region specified does not need to have the data validation rule applied to it. Any reference is allowed.

The cell reference mode with which to parse will be assumed to be A1, unless the data validation rule is applied to a worksheet which is in a workbook, in which case the will be used.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the upper constraint value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the upper constraint value.

When the is Between, the value must be greater than or equal to the lower constraint and less than or equal to the upper constraint. When the ValidationOperator is NotBetween, the value must be less than the lower constraint or greater than the upper constraint.

This overload is preferred when the ValidationCriteria is WholeNumber, Decimal, or TextLength. When the ValidationCriteria is Time, the overload is preferred, and when the ValidationCriteria is Date, the overload is preferred.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the upper constraint value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the upper constraint value.

When the is Between, the value must be greater than or equal to the lower constraint and less than or equal to the upper constraint. When the ValidationOperator is NotBetween, the value must be less than the lower constraint or greater than the upper constraint.

This overload is preferred when the ValidationCriteria is Date. When the ValidationCriteria is WholeNumber, Decimal, or TextLength, the overload is preferred, and when the ValidationCriteria is Time, the overload is preferred.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the upper constraint value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the upper constraint value.

When the is Between, the value must be greater than or equal to the lower constraint and less than or equal to the upper constraint. When the ValidationOperator is NotBetween, the value must be less than the lower constraint or greater than the upper constraint.

This overload is preferred when the ValidationCriteria is Time. When the ValidationCriteria is WholeNumber, Decimal, or TextLength, the overload is preferred, and when the ValidationCriteria is Date, the overload is preferred.

The way in which the cell value is compared to the upper constraint formula's value is determined by the as well as the .

Depending on the ValidationCriteria of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the upper constraint formula's value.

When the is Between, the value must be greater than or equal to the lower constraint and less than or equal to the upper constraint. When the ValidationOperator is NotBetween, the value must be less than the lower constraint or greater than the upper constraint.

The address passed in is only needed if relative addresses are used in the the formula. When the data validation rule is applied to cells or regions, the references in the formula used by each individual cell will be shifted by the offset of the cell to the passed in . For example, consider the formula specified is =B1 and the specified address is A1. If the data validation rule is then applied to the A5 cell, the formula is will use is =B5. However, if the references in the formula are absolute, such as =$B$1, the same formula will be applied regardless of the specified address.

can be any valid cell or region reference on a worksheet. If a region address is specified, the top-left cell or the region is used. The cell or region specified does not need to have the data validation rule applied to it. Any reference is allowed.

The cell reference mode with which to parse will be assumed to be A1, unless the data validation rule is applied to a worksheet which is in a workbook, in which case the will be used.

The constraint value can only be obtained if it was set with one of the SetLowerConstraint methods or a formula was set with one of the SetLowerConstraintFormula methods and the formula equals a constant value, such as =5.

The constraint value can only be obtained if it was set with one of the SetLowerConstraint methods or a formula was set with one of the SetLowerConstraintFormula methods and the formula equals a constant value, such as =5.

The constraint value can only be obtained if it was set with one of the SetLowerConstraint methods or a formula was set with one of the SetLowerConstraintFormula methods and the formula equals a constant value, such as =5.

The constraint value can only be obtained if it was set with one of the SetUpperConstraint methods or a formula was set with one of the SetLowerConstraintFormula methods and the formula equals a constant value, such as =5.

The constraint value can only be obtained if it was set with one of the SetUpperConstraint methods or a formula was set with one of the SetLowerConstraintFormula methods and the formula equals a constant value, such as =5.

The constraint value can only be obtained if it was set with one of the SetUpperConstraint methods or a formula was set with one of the SetLowerConstraintFormula methods and the formula equals a constant value, such as =5.

Depending on the of the rule, either the cell value itself or the length of the cell value's text equivalent is compared to the constraint values or formulas.

The properties exposed by this class can be changed on a Microsoft Excel file by right-clicking it in Windows Explorer and editing the properties on the Summary tab.

The value of the property has no effect on the contents of the file when opened in a host application. It is simply extra data associated with the document.

The value of the property has no effect on the contents of the file when opened in a host application. It is simply extra data associated with the document.

The value of the property has no effect on the contents of the file when opened in a host application. It is simply extra data associated with the document.

The value of the property has no effect on the contents of the file when opened in a host application. It is simply extra data associated with the document.

The value of the property has no effect on the contents of the file when opened in a host application. It is simply extra data associated with the document.

The value of the property has no effect on the contents of the file when opened in a host application. It is simply extra data associated with the document.

The value of the property has no effect on the contents of the file when opened in a host application. It is simply extra data associated with the document.

The value of the property has no effect on the contents of the file when opened in a host application. It is simply extra data associated with the document.

The value of the property has no effect on the contents of the file when opened in a host application. It is simply extra data associated with the document.

Setting this on the will also affect the row and column labels.